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Righting a wrong

As part of the western expansion of settlers, the US government launched a major effort to eradicate wolves in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Since then, wolves have been listed and delisted under the Endangered Species Act. And because neither the federal government nor Colorado decision-makers were making plans to actively restore the gray wolf, advocates felt there was only one option left: the ballot box.  

At the crossroads

When Proposition 114 passed, Colorado Parks and Wildlife found themselves preparing for a responsibility they hadn't sought. The challenge wildlife managers now face is that a successful reintroduction effort might depend on factors beyond their control. Politics, economics, social change, even global pandemics can reshape how people think about wildlife.  

Image Credit: Colorado Parks and Wildlife

Living with wolves 

Until you’ve walked a mile in a rancher’s boots, it might be hard to imagine why wolves ignite so much passion for some. Ranchers face a long list of obstacles, from bad weather, water scarcity, and drought to fire risk, grazing permits, and herd illness. Then add in rising costs, fluctuating markets, and the stress of running a low-margin business. And now, a new challenge – the reintroduction of an apex predator that many felt unprepared for. 

The power of public opinion

Wolves have long been a symbol and a flashpoint in our society. But the ways this issue played out in the general public and media leading up to and after the vote are about more than wolves. The debate was also about larger social values – rural livelihoods, environmental change, public land access, changing values around wildlife and conservation, and who gets to make decisions about the landscapes where people live, work, and play.   

Adam VanValkenburg, Rancher, VanValkenburg Cattle Company
Rob Edward, Co-founder and President, Rocky Mountain Wolf Project
Eric Odell, Wolf Conservation Program Manager, Colorado Parks and Wildlife
Becky Niemiec, Co-director, Animal Human Policy Center; Associate Professor, Colorado State University

Further Reading

"Gray Wolf Final Delisting Determination Questions and Answers", U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, October 29, 2020.

"CSU Studies: What influenced Coloradans on close vote to reintroduce wolves",  Colorado State University Warner College of Natural Resources, April 2022.

2024-2025 Colorado Gray Wolf Annual Report, Colorado Parks and Wildlife, June 2025.

Wolf Wars: America’s Campaign to Eradicate the Wolf, PBS, September 14, 2008. 

"20th Anniversary of Yellowstone Wolf Reintroduction Observed" by Brett French,  Flathead Beacon, January 15, 2025.

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